FORM 16

Form 16

Finally when i received a mail from my finance team to submit the tax deduction proof for Financial year, I am very much confused where to submit my proofs. Its all because I have to join in other company on the proof submission day. After getting clarifications from my current finance team they advised me to submit my tax deduction proofs to new employer along the Form 16 from the current employer. So what is this Form 16 ?

Form 16:

If you are salaried employee in an organization, then you will get the salary after deducting tax by the employer. This process is called as Tax Deduction at Source(TDS). Every company has to get the TIN. TIN is Tax Identification Number. This number is issued to person who is responsible to deduct Tax on payments made to employees.

At the end of financial year, company must issue a form 16 which contains the details about the salary earned by that employee and how much tax deducted. It will have details on each month. In simple terms Form 16 is details about the tax deducted by the employer in behalf of employee. The same will be paid to government by the company. Many people thing that getting the Form 16 alone is enough for the tax filing. Tax payer has to use the Form 16 to file the IT return every financial year end.

For example, if you have worked in two different companies in the same financial year, he must obtain the two Form 16 to file the IT returns.

Form 16A:

The purpose of the Form 16 and 16A is the same except the issuing person. Form 16 is applicable only to the salaried employee. There is many other areas where TDS can be applicable like deducing the tax for interest earned by your Fixed Deposit in the Bank. Here bank is the person who deducts the tax. For every financial year they must issue a TDS certificate to the customer. They have to fill the Form 16A and hand over to the customer.

how life emerged from Earth's abiotics

A new synthesis by Washington researchers offers a coherent picture of how metabolism and all life emerged on Earth.

The study offers new insights on how the complex chemistry of metabolism cobbled itself together, the likelihood of life emerging and evolving as it did on Earth, and the chances of finding life elsewhere.

"We're trying to bring knowledge across disciplines into a unified whole that fits the essentials of metabolism development," said co-author Eric Smith, a Santa Fe Institute External Professor.

Creating life from scratch requires two abilities: fixing carbon and making more of yourself. The very first essential is hitching carbon atoms together to make living matter, is a remarkably difficult feat.

Carbon dioxide (CO2), of which Earth has plenty, is a stable molecule; the bonds are tough to break, and a chemical system can only turn carbon into biologically useful compounds by way of some wildly unstable in-between stages.

As hard as it is to do, fixing carbon is necessary for life. A carbon molecule's ability to bond stably with up to four atoms makes it phenomenally versatile, and its abundance makes it suitable as a backbone for trillions of compounds.

Once an organized chemical system can harness and manipulate carbon, it can expand and innovate in countless ways. Researchers Smith and Rogier Braakman mapped the most primitive forms of carbon fixation onto major, early branching points in the tree of life.

They have drawn from geochemistry, biochemistry, evolution, and ecology to detail the likeliest means by which molecules lurched their way from rocks to cells.

Their study presents a new, coherent picture of how this complex system fits together. What started as wonky geochemical mechanisms were sequentially replaced and fortified by biological ones, the researchers said.

"Think of life like an onion emerging in layers, where each layer functions as a feedback mechanism that stabilises and improves the ability to fix carbon," said Braakman.

Braakman and Smith describe specific features of metabolism and sub-divide helper metabolites by their functions. For example, vitamin B9, a complex molecule in the 'cofactor' class, facilitates the incorporation of one-carbon compounds into metabolism.

In mapping the chemical pathways to life's emergence, the researchers touch on a more existential question: How likely was it for life.

The study was published in the journal Physical Biology.

Web Crawlers

A web crawler is a computer program or automated script which browses the World Wide Web (WWW) in a methodical, automated or ordered manner. This crawler is also called as web spider, web robot, ants, automatic indexers or bots. 

Web Crawlers

Web crawlers are mainly used to create a copy of the visited pages for later processing by a search engine that will index the downloaded pages to provide fast searches. 

More over these web crawlers are used to gather specific types of information from Web pages, such as harvesting e-mail addresses. Crawlers can also be used for automating maintenance tasks on a Web site, such as checking links or validating HTML code.

This process is called Web crawling or spidering. Many legitimate sites, in particular search engines, use spidering as a means of providing up-to-date data to ensure fast searches.

Are you sure to delete the file permanently from your computer

When you delete a file from your computer, it moves to the Recycle Bin or we can set up to delete the file without moving it to the Recycle Bin. When you empty the Recycle Bin, the file is permanently erased from the hard drive. Right?

Are you sure to delete the file permanently from your computer

Well, the file appears to be trashed out but a skilled person can restoring the "deleted" file using data recovery software – some of which are freely available online.



The reason behind this:

When you delete files or folders, the data is not initially removed from the hard disk. Instead, the space on the disk that was occupied by the deleted data is "deallocated." After it is deallocated, the space is available for use when new data is written to the disk. Until the space is overwritten, it is possible to recover the deleted data by using a low-level disk editor or data-recovery software.


In more technical aspect, computer writes the data of a file in the tracks of the hard disk in a sequential manner. When you delete a file in the hard disk, the allocation details of the file will be removed but the data will be remained in the tracks. Next time when the computer writes the data, it chooses the empty space available at the end of the tracks. Once the final tracks of the disk is written, it searches for the empty unallocated space. In that way, the deleted files are not fully deleted from the disk, so it recoverable from the disk.


To permanently erase files and prevent your confidential files from getting into wrong hands, Microsoft offers a free command line utility – SDelete (Secure Delete) – that overwrites all the free space to prevent data recovery.

You can use SDelete both to securely delete existing files (replacement of delete), as well as to securely erase any file data that exists in the unallocated portions of a disk (including files that you have already deleted or encrypted).